Tanga bilan bog'liq
Narx kalkulyatori
Narxlar tarixi
Narx bashorati
Texnik tahlil
Tanga sotib olish bo'yicha qo'llanma
Kripto toifasi
Foyda kalkulyatori
Virtual Tourist narxVT
Ro'yxatga olingan
BuyKotirovka valyutasi:
USD
Bugun Virtual Tourist haqida qanday fikrdasiz?
YaxshiYomon
Izoh: Ushbu ma'lumot faqat ma'lumot uchun.
Virtual Touristning bugungi narxi
Virtual Tourist ning joriy narxi bugungi kunda (VT / USD) uchun $0.01421, joriy kapitallashuvi $0.00 USD. 24 soatlik savdo hajmi $109,737.91 USD. VT dan USD gacha, narx real vaqtda yangilanadi. Virtual Tourist oxirgi 24 soat ichida 5.89%. Muomaladagi hajm 0 .
VTning eng yuqori narxi qancha?
VT barcha vaqtlardagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega (ATH) $0.1956 bo'lib, 2022-04-21 tomonidan qayd etilgan.
VT ning eng past narxi qancha?
VT barcha vaqtlardagi eng past ko'rsatkichga ega (ATL) $0.001275, 2022-12-29 da qayd etilgan.
Virtual Tourist narx bashorati
2025 da VT narxi qanday bo'ladi?
VT tarixiy narx bajarilishini bashorat qilish modeli asosida VT narxi 2025 da $0.01778 ga yetishi prognoz qilinmoqda.
2030 da VT narxi qanday bo'ladi?
2030 da VT narxi -7.00% ga o'zgarishi kutilmoqda. 2030 oxiriga kelib, VT narxi $0.03254 ga yetishi prognoz qilinmoqda, jami ROI +98.52%.
Virtual Tourist narx tarixi (USD)
Virtual Tourist narxi o'tgan yil davomida +51.21% ni tashkil qiladi. O'tgan yildagi VTning USD dagi eng yuqori narxi $0.02065 va o'tgan yildagi VTning USD dagi eng past narxi $0.006352 edi.
VaqtNarx o'zgarishi (%)Eng past narxEng yuqori narx
24h+5.89%$0.01334$0.01470
7d-24.60%$0.01002$0.01888
30d+44.96%$0.009732$0.02065
90d+82.20%$0.006352$0.02065
1y+51.21%$0.006352$0.02065
Hamma vaqt-50.99%$0.001275(2022-12-29, 1 yil avval )$0.1956(2022-04-21, 2 yil avval )
Virtual Tourist bozor ma’lumotlari
Bozor kapitali
--
+5.89%
To’liq suyultirilgan bozor kapitali
$4,263,185.88
+5.89%
Hajm (24s)
$109,737.91
-21.39%
Bozor reytinglari
Aylanma tezligi
0.00%
24s hajm / bozor qiymati
0.00%
Aylanma ta'minot
0 VT
Jami ta’minot / Maksimal ta’minot
300,000,000 VT
300,000,000 VT
Virtual Tourist reyting
Jamiyatning o'rtacha baholari
4.6
Ushbu kontent faqat ma'lumot olish uchun mo'ljallangan.
VT mahalliy valyutaga
1 VT dan MXN$0.291 VT dan GTQQ0.111 VT dan CLP$14.061 VT dan HNLL0.361 VT dan UGXSh51.921 VT dan ZARR0.261 VT dan TNDد.ت0.051 VT dan IQDع.د18.541 VT dan TWDNT$0.461 VT dan RSDдин.1.591 VT dan DOP$0.861 VT dan MYRRM0.061 VT dan GEL₾0.041 VT dan UYU$0.631 VT dan MADد.م.0.141 VT dan OMRر.ع.0.011 VT dan AZN₼0.021 VT dan KESSh1.841 VT dan SEKkr0.161 VT dan UAH₴0.59
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Oxirgi yangilanish: 2024-12-22 04:01:41(UTC+0)
Virtual Tourist(VT) qanday sotib olinadi
Bepul Bitget hisobingizni yarating
Bitgetda elektron pochta manzilingiz/mobil telefon raqamingiz bilan ro'yxatdan o'ting va hisobingizni himoya qilish uchun kuchli parol yarating.
Hisobingizni tasdiqlang
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlaringizni to'ldirib va haqiqiy fotosuratli shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjatni yuklab, shaxsingizni tasdiqlang.
Virtual Tourist (VT) sotib oling
Bitget orqali Virtual Tourist xarid qilish uchun turli to'lov variantlaridan foydalaning. Buni qanday qilishni sizga ko'rsatamiz.
Elita treyderlarini kuzatib borish orqali VT nusxasi savdosiga qo'shiling.
Bitgetda ro'yxatdan o'tganingizdan va USDT yoki VT tokenlarini muvaffaqiyatli sotib olganingizdan so'ng, siz elita treyderlarini kuzatib, nusxa savdosini ham boshlashingiz mumkin.
Ko'proq sotib oling
SAVOL-JAVOBLAR
Virtual Tourist ning hozirgi narxi qancha?
Virtual Touristning jonli narxi (VT/USD) uchun $0.01, joriy bozor qiymati $0 USD. Kripto bozorida 24/7 doimiy faoliyat tufayli Virtual Tourist qiymati tez-tez o'zgarib turadi. Virtual Touristning real vaqtdagi joriy narxi va uning tarixiy maʼlumotlari Bitget’da mavjud.
Virtual Tourist ning 24 soatlik savdo hajmi qancha?
Oxirgi 24 soat ichida Virtual Tourist savdo hajmi $109,737.91.
Virtual Touristning eng yuqori koʻrsatkichi qancha?
Virtual Touristning eng yuqori ko‘rsatkichi $0.1956. Bu Virtual Tourist ishga tushirilgandan beri eng yuqori narx hisoblanadi.
Bitget orqali Virtual Tourist sotib olsam bo'ladimi?
Ha, Virtual Tourist hozirda Bitget markazlashtirilgan birjasida mavjud. Batafsil koʻrsatmalar uchun foydali qanday sotib olinadi qoʻllanmamizni koʻrib chiqing.
Virtual Tourist ga sarmoya kiritish orqali barqaror daromad olsam bo'ladimi?
Albatta, Bitget savdolaringizni avtomatlashtirish va daromad olish uchun aqlli savdo botlari bilan strategik savdo platformasi ni taqdim etadi.
Eng past toʻlov bilan Virtual Tourist ni qayerdan sotib olsam boʻladi?
strategik savdo platformasi endi Bitget birjasida mavjud ekanligini ma’lum qilishdan mamnunmiz. Bitget treyderlar uchun foydali investitsiyalarni ta'minlash uchun sanoatning yetakchi savdo to'lovlari va tubanligini taklif qiladi.
Virtual Tourist (VT) ni qayerdan sotib olsam bo'ladi?
Video bo'limi — tezkor tekshiruv, tezkor savdo
Bitgetda shaxsni tasdqilashni qanday yakunlash va o'zingizni firibgarlikdan himoya qilish kerak
1. Bitget hisobingizga kiring.
2. Agar siz Bitgetda yangi bo'lsangiz, hisob yaratish bo'yicha o'quv qo'llanmamizni tomosha qiling.
3. Profilingiz belgisiga kursorni olib keling, "Tasdiqlanmagan" tugmasini bosing va "Tasdiqlash" tugmasini bosing.
4. Chiqaruvchi mamlakat yoki mintaqa va ID turini tanlang va ko'rsatmalarga amal qiling.
5. O'zingizning xohishingizga ko'ra "Mobil tekshiruv" yoki "Kompyuter" ni tanlang.
6. Ma'lumotlaringizni kiriting, shaxsingizni tasdiqlovchi hujjat nusxasini yuboring va selfi oling.
7. Arizangizni yuboring va bo'ldi, siz shaxsingizni tasdiqlashni tugatdingiz!
Kriptovalyutalarga sarmoya kiritish, jumladan Bitgetda onlayn Virtual Tourist xarid qilish xavflarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Bitget Virtual Tourist sotib olishning oson va qulay usullarini taklif etadi va birjada ko'rsatilgan kriptovalyuta haqida to'liq ma'lumot berishga harakat qiladi. Biroq, biz Virtual Tourist xaridingizdan kelib chiqadigan natijalar uchun javobgar emasmiz. Taqdim etilgan barcha ma'lumotlar xarid uchun tavsiya etilmaydi.
Bitget Insaytlari
Mamunur878
2024/11/26 19:57
Key
"bc1qrcu6fjehnau3kgu9vz9rswfc8vg3l6pad73fy2, bc1q3qpy88q4x6cvrpvh6czks9zckyev70eca6t390, bc1q88du9wwx2wh49udsq6pmugsanq5t2w8dupvxam, bc1ql793fklnz9r0q3ausmjzwv3r4cgtzj0yp2qpua, bc1qecegzfhgnv7jm9k588xe5rjf93leury2pr8vr8, bc1q9pklpf78z4lnqjsc8uq7dhfkvkga8lyhvqlr43, bc1ql8j2ym0cqzyvudw4f70gg0cqxsm4gendw6wfl9, bc1qgqcr0txmfqw4edtfy5gt6vuefftj3c09jff50n, bc1qhat3gn909gzjr79zgl2t60zdtzw3p9gn5n0gmh, bc1q8h83f345sw5627jessqrt9849krjhgy5vv7v6x, bc1qj7k5lzudfhf4cz9spzfs2y623xr9x4z735rgy2, bc1qpm4j03rrd5px5sfrh2473738le278r8hz33gwf, bc1qx4pay2lm77mkeudw0a444lecfk8l4z5xzvm7pd, bc1qt0yppxtvfhsdng6nda2rmy7srjf6sa2nnh3aec, bc1qlcawcka6qw9cp8r6mh0zhy87027m3pltrmrf50, bc1qxsvfkzdy47vt4w6s5ug97al4yu0mdn5j4vu9v4, bc1qalx0tut0yckqnmh7gsqjh30gfazqllezvkq22h, bc1qpsug9t5wslkj8zg2ed9gptl6832k8wky5e9k06, bc1qdxzw34dx7ngdfx77ay4283727d6gdeaj9s732m, bc1qs72df4emfy4qgdh9qxltxh8s5h3hcxw3pewmv5, bc1q2aqddqm8j03erfzpgshlxw8plr08z4l4aaalp3", "bc1q2zrc6t7zdklc54pffvg8f95qk70rue6lfct4ke, bc1qvetlaf9vxhpaze699s33g357y7drr80y9g2539, bc1q3zr2weqgeuuz4k2vdu7gyzh8ql4rvckrq6c2y6, bc1qzx04sy70zfvt4pyg3zz0nrn3fs8czrm9e4p8fq, bc1qqt6xjufqrvpqss3zcyfsvxc26xuqr2lyrs0hxa, bc1qd6u6x2pyxgdvlqrec56t7jeqpz09sr84j4244t, bc1q35hm0fq73a6fh59y7vkmlk5fuzf9j285kngukm, bc1qetpwqck5ulfv82hrmhvvy0tfmekvpq0yysw54p, bc1q5x38f4zlwrgtkj26tpg5rg3k0hyyxw4xf98tx4, bc1quwnufvhqx2s2fj9krjdy8lp8pycdxta5lt3qaf, bc1q4l6zg5tmpw9tzdqw62xayh4dk47e32dnk2c2fa, bc1qfr43593yez9e7mzj0e0x2qkxth6qyxc8v4styy, bc1q0knvdtktsn5nsk7jnywxkj8tr7mvylcgnyv4un, bc1qrajgyxrfk3a65tdh0yukqwyz20dxfrxhd3e767, bc1qmtyuujfpjkwas4nv2rl2npxjgnknhqdtj0xlx3, bc1qfzy4ayz4v0lsvdg9p3hyxacm3p8mdcpf8gyvxt, bc1qyvf3t5sv8q6sk9eavlm6n5qunmr44wc5gfrfx6, bc1qla9qn4w037g0pp5379wt84ks2s4h80m6tqeua8, bc1qr5t96ptxeu2fvt3eq8kye60vfkxxwgskkh6maa, bc1qwktux575gg93jphym9fje0wtufsyrlfrfatffz, bc1q9fta0692hkdqwhmmrklkrt90mhkezhq2ssuv80";
AL+1.61%
X+1.06%
Mamunur878
2024/11/26 19:55
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AL+1.61%
X+1.06%
Mukarama1432
2024/10/20 18:17
Introducing Puffer: Revolutionizing Ethereum Staking
Puffer enhances Ethereum staking with its innovative Validator Tickets (VTs) and EigenLayer restaking. Key benefits:
1. *Improved Incentives*: VTs incentivize node operators (NoOps) to perform optimally, ensuring rewards for stakers.
2. *Reduced Barriers*: 1-2 ETH collateral requirement, making staking accessible.
3. *Enhanced Security*: Anti-slashing technology protects staker ETH.
4. *Simplified Operations*: No rug-pooling oversight needed.
5. *Growth Fuel*: Continuous rewards despite validator queues.
*How Puffer Works*
1. Stakers deposit ETH, receiving pufETH tokens.
2. NoOps lock pufETH and VTs to run validators.
3. VT prices reflect daily validator earnings.
4. NoOps earn 100% of validator rewards.
*Validator Tickets*
1. Represent one day of validator rights.
2. Priced based on expected daily earnings.
3. Burned upon validator exit.
*Puffer's Impact*
1. Democratizes staking with lower collateral.
2. Aligns NoOp incentives with staker interests.
3. Enhances Ethereum stability.
Join the Puffer community to stay updated.
Resources:
- Puffer Website
- Ethereum Documentation
- EigenLayer Information
Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency markets are volatile.
ETH+0.55%
VT-1.06%
Mukarama1432
2024/10/20 18:05
Introducing Puffer: Revolutionizing Ethereum Staking
Puffer enhances Ethereum staking with its innovative Validator Tickets (VTs) and EigenLayer restaking. Key benefits:
1. *Improved Incentives*: VTs incentivize node operators (NoOps) to perform optimally, ensuring rewards for stakers.
2. *Reduced Barriers*: 1-2 ETH collateral requirement, making staking accessible.
3. *Enhanced Security*: Anti-slashing technology protects staker ETH.
4. *Simplified Operations*: No rug-pooling oversight needed.
5. *Growth Fuel*: Continuous rewards despite validator queues.
*How Puffer Works*
1. Stakers deposit ETH, receiving pufETH tokens.
2. NoOps lock pufETH and VTs to run validators.
3. VT prices reflect daily validator earnings.
4. NoOps earn 100% of validator rewards.
*Validator Tickets*
1. Represent one day of validator rights.
2. Priced based on expected daily earnings.
3. Burned upon validator exit.
*Puffer's Impact*
1. Democratizes staking with lower collateral.
2. Aligns NoOp incentives with staker interests.
3. Enhances Ethereum stability.
Join the Puffer community to stay updated.
Resources:
- Puffer Website
- Ethereum Documentation
- EigenLayer Information
Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency markets are volatile.
ETH+0.55%
VT-1.06%
RACECREPTO
2024/10/20 15:01
PUFFER RESTAKING AND VALIDATOR TICKETS
Native restaking 🥩
A native restaker is an Ethereum PoS validator that restakes their 32 ETH to operate Eigenlayer AVSs. Native restakers are awarded AVS fees in exchange for their service, but are subject to penalties if they break the AVS's rules. To engage in native restaking, validators must point their withdrawal credentials to an EigenPod contract which then opts-in to restaking and chooses its AVSs.
Native restaking allows validators to better utilize their ETH capital and hardware to supplement their PoS rewards. However, the 32 ETH requirement is too high a barrier for most to participate. Additionally, some AVSs may require far greater computational requirements than what is expected from PoS. Puffer aims to address this through its PufferModules.
Puffer Modules 🐡$PUFFER
At its core, the Puffer protocol is a collection of PufferModule contracts. Each module controls an EigenPod that functions as a single native restaker but is composed of many NoOp-controlled validators.
Modules are filled with the validators of NoOps whose sole job is to perform Ethereum PoS validation. The validators' ETH is then restaked and used as collateral for EigenLayer AVSs. During Puffer's initial phase, the responsibility of operating the AVSs is delegated to a DAO-chosen restaking operator (ReOp), who provides the service in exchange for a portion of the generated AVS fees.
The protocol decides which AVSs the modules are assigned, allowing restaked ETH to be allocated to AVSs according to the protocol's risk preferences. Given the delegation risk, the NoOps are awarded commission on the AVS fees with the rest returned to the protocol, helping grow the value of pufETH. This allows NoOps with less than 2 ETH to earn rewards from native restaking.
Restaking Operators
Restaking Operators (ReOps) are operators whose job is to perform all the required AVS duties on behalf of a given restaking module. ReOps may also be NoOps within their own or other modules. ReOps are expected to perform well to maximize restaking rewards for their own benefit and that of the NoOps in their module and pufETH holders downstream. In the Puffer protocol, ReOps operate through RestakingOperator contracts, which allows governance to decide their AVS selections through the PufferModuleManager contract.
Joining a module 👈
To hold strong to our alignment with Ethereum's ethos, it is always permissionless for NoOps to join a module and deploy an Ethereum validator.
To join, NoOps lock 1 or 2 ETH collateral and lock validator tickets, which represent a long-term commitment to run a validator in the module. Their collateral is then locked as pufETH and they are provisioned 32 ETH to deploy their validator to the module's EigenPod contract.
The NoOp is now entitled to keep all of the PoS rewards (consensus and execution) generated by their validator. The NoOps that joined PufferModules will also receive restaking rewards.
Restaking risks and mitigations 🚧
The concept of restaking, while promising, introduces certain inherent risks to stakers and NoOps alike. These primarily revolve around the vulnerabilities of smart contracts and potential AVS slashing risks.
Through the sustainable rewards that it can offer, restaking can reshape the dynamics of the liquid staking market, which is currently on a dangerous path towards complete centralization.
Restricting ReOps
To ensure a safe transition into the world of restaking, Puffer will rely more heavily on governance to decide restaking qualifications during its nascent stages. During this time, only reputable ReOps with excellent performance that have been selected through governance will be eligible to operate the AVSs on behalf of a given module.
As Eigenlayer, AVSs, and Puffer’s anti-slashing mechanisms mature, proven NoOps will have the option to become ReOps without DAO-approval.
Restricting AVSs
As an open platform, EigenLayer allows anyone to deploy an AVS. Thus, allowing PufferModules to service any AVS would expose the stakers and NoOps to too much slashing risk.
To mitigate this risk, Puffer requires the DAO to onboard new modules, carefully vet the allowed AVSs, and manage the allocation of modules to AVSs.
Validator Tickets
Validator Tickets are the evolution to Puffer's initial "Smoothing Commitment" research collaboration with Justin Drake, and are closely related to the recent "Execution Tickets" proposal that was added to Ethereum's roadmap.
Overview
The idea is simple but powerful:
pufETH: People stake their ETH and receive pufETH, a token representing their staked ETH within the Puffer protocol, which is used to fund Ethereum validators.
Validator Tickets (VTs): VTs are ERC20 tokens that grant the holder the right to run a staker-funded Ethereum validator for a day. VTs are minted by ETH deposits. This ETH goes towards compensating pufETH holders for financing validators.
Running Validators: To run a validator, a node operator must lock VTs and lock in 1 ETH of pufETH as collateral.
Pricing VTs: The price of a VT is set based on the expected daily earnings from running a validator. This price directly influences the expected pufETH APR.
Benefits: VTs create new trading opportunities, address “rug-pooling”, and incentivize good performance. pufETH holders earn rewards immediately when VTs are purchased. Consuming VTs allows the node operator to keep 100% of the validator’s earnings.
The status quo
Typically, Liquid Staking Protocols (LSPs) use two methods for validators:
Unbonded Model: Validators don't need to lock up collateral. This is good for growth but risky because penalties affect the staking pool, and it often requires specially approved validators (permissioned / KYC).
Bonded Model: Validators lock collateral for their operation period. This method is more secure and allows for any validator to join, but slows LSP growth as it requires a large amount of ETH upfront per validator.
Puffer uses the bonded model as it is more ethos-aligned, but adds VTs to address some of its shortcomings.
How are VTs used?
Validator Tickets supplement validator bonds. When registering a validator, the NoOp locks 1 ETH worth of pufETH as a bond and deposits at least 28 VTs.
In exchange, they are allocated 32 ETH to run a validator, and are entitled to 100% of the Proof of Stake (PoS) rewards they produce over as many days as VTs they've deposited. In other words, NoOps pay pufETH holders ETH upfront to run a validator.
Each VT represents one validator-day of expected Proof of Stake (PoS) rewards. The payments to mint VTs directly pay pufETH holders, creating strong growth dynamics. This mechanism is favorable for stakers, capital efficient, and incentivizes for optimal NoOp performance. Upon exiting a validator, the number of locked VT tokens, corresponding to the number of days the validator was active, will be burned and the remaining locked VTs may be retrieved by the NoOp.
Why? ~ NoOp Incentives
The success of an LSP largely depends upon the performance of its NoOps. Traditionally, having NoOps deposit collateral has been a method to ensure alignment with the protocol's objectives. The logic is simple: with a financial stake in play, NoOps have a deterrent against going offline, suffering slashing penalties, or engaging in nefarious activities like MEV theft ("rug-pooling"). If they were to engage in such activities, they'd stand to lose their collateral.
While this collateral approach discourages penalties, it does not strongly incentivize performance. For instance, a "lazy" NoOp could alternate between being online and offline, ensuring their validator balance stays at 32 ETH. This strategy results in no reward generation for the LSP, but also no collateral loss for the NoOp.
Puffer changes this incentive landscape through the use of VTs. Since NoOps have already purchased VTs, they stand to gain nothing from underperforming since they cannot recoup this initial payment (as days pass and their VTs are burned), even if they maintain their validator balance. Thus, for a NoOp to turn a profit, they must perform at least on par with the average validator. Those who excel can earn even more.
While VTs provide strong disincentives for slashing, to further protect the staker's ETH, Puffer requires a 1 or 2 ETH bond and for NoOps to use anti-slashing technology for defense-in-depth.
This new approach neatly tackles two traditional problems:
Rug-pooling: With NoOps entitled to all the MEV they generate, there's no longer a need to police or penalize them for rug-pooling.
Lazy NoOps: Since stakers get a proxy for PoS rewards upfront via minting VTs, they aren't adversely affected if a NoOp underperforms.
Requirements
For PoS stability and NoOp incentive alignment, 1 or 2 ETH worth of pufETH and a minimum of 28 VTs are required to be deposited at registration time. Their duration begins at the moment their validator is activated on the beacon chain, and each VT represents 1 day or 255 epochs.
Assuming they deposited 28 VTs, after 28 days of validating, the NoOp's validator will be automatically ejected, its 32 ETH returned to the protocol, and bond returned. If they wish to extend their duration, NoOps can deposit additional VTs at any time. NoOps who have Validators with unconsumed VTs (e.g deposited 100 VTs) may retrieve them from the protocol (e.g., 72 VTs).
Pricing Validator Tickets
Prices of Validator Tickets are secured and posted by RedStone Oracles. The VT Oracle module is fully automated and data is delivered every 12 hours or if the deviation is 10% on MEV payouts or 5% on consensus rewards. The contract can be seen on the ValidatorTicketPricer contract events page here. The pricing module is the heart of the properly functioning Puffer system. Puffer’s stability is based on the correctness of the price from RedStone.
Puffer Logo
Validator Tickets are Puffer's novel addition to the validator lifecycle in LSTs.
Validator Tickets are the evolution to Puffer's initial "Smoothing Commitment" research collaboration with Justin Drake, and are closely related to the recent "Execution Tickets" proposal that was added to Ethereum's roadmap.
Overview
Minting VTs
The idea is simple but powerful:
pufETH: People stake their ETH and receive pufETH, a token representing their staked ETH within the Puffer protocol, which is used to fund Ethereum validators.
Validator Tickets (VTs): VTs are ERC20 tokens that grant the holder the right to run a staker-funded Ethereum validator for a day. VTs are minted by ETH deposits. This ETH goes towards compensating pufETH holders for financing validators.
Running Validators: To run a validator, a node operator must lock VTs and lock in 1 ETH of pufETH as collateral.
Pricing VTs: The price of a VT is set based on the expected daily earnings from running a validator. This price directly influences the expected pufETH APR.
Benefits: VTs create new trading opportunities, address “rug-pooling”, and incentivize good performance. pufETH holders earn rewards immediately when VTs are purchased. Consuming VTs allows the node operator to keep 100% of the validator’s earnings.
tip
Before EigenLayer restaking is live, selling VTs is pufETH's source of rewards.
The status quo
Typically, Liquid Staking Protocols (LSPs) use two methods for validators:
Unbonded Model: Validators don't need to lock up collateral. This is good for growth but risky because penalties affect the staking pool, and it often requires specially approved validators (permissioned / KYC).
Bonded Model: Validators lock collateral for their operation period. This method is more secure and allows for any validator to join, but slows LSP growth as it requires a large amount of ETH upfront per validator.
Puffer uses the bonded model as it is more ethos-aligned, but adds VTs to address some of its shortcomings.
How are VTs used?
Using VTs
Validator Tickets supplement validator bonds. When registering a validator, the NoOp locks 1 ETH worth of pufETH as a bond and deposits at least 28 VTs.
In exchange, they are allocated 32 ETH to run a validator, and are entitled to 100% of the Proof of Stake (PoS) rewards they produce over as many days as VTs they've deposited. In other words, NoOps pay pufETH holders ETH upfront to run a validator.
tip
For stakers, this means the value of pufETH increases every time a VT is minted.
Each VT represents one validator-day of expected Proof of Stake (PoS) rewards. The payments to mint VTs directly pay pufETH holders, creating strong growth dynamics. This mechanism is favorable for stakers, capital efficient, and incentivizes for optimal NoOp performance. Upon exiting a validator, the number of locked VT tokens, corresponding to the number of days the validator was active, will be burned and the remaining locked VTs may be retrieved by the NoOp.
Why? ~ NoOp Incentives
The success of an LSP largely depends upon the performance of its NoOps. Traditionally, having NoOps deposit collateral has been a method to ensure alignment with the protocol's objectives. The logic is simple: with a financial stake in play, NoOps have a deterrent against going offline, suffering slashing penalties, or engaging in nefarious activities like MEV theft ("rug-pooling"). If they were to engage in such activities, they'd stand to lose their collateral.
While this collateral approach discourages penalties, it does not strongly incentivize performance. For instance, a "lazy" NoOp could alternate between being online and offline, ensuring their validator balance stays at 32 ETH. This strategy results in no reward generation for the LSP, but also no collateral loss for the NoOp.
Puffer changes this incentive landscape through the use of VTs. Since NoOps have already purchased VTs, they stand to gain nothing from underperforming since they cannot recoup this initial payment (as days pass and their VTs are burned), even if they maintain their validator balance. Thus, for a NoOp to turn a profit, they must perform at least on par with the average validator. Those who excel can earn even more.
While VTs provide strong disincentives for slashing, to further protect the staker's ETH, Puffer requires a 1 or 2 ETH bond and for NoOps to use anti-slashing technology for defense-in-depth.
This new approach neatly tackles two traditional problems:
Rug-pooling: With NoOps entitled to all the MEV they generate, there's no longer a need to police or penalize them for rug-pooling.
Lazy NoOps: Since stakers get a proxy for PoS rewards upfront via minting VTs, they aren't adversely affected if a NoOp underperforms.
Requirements
For PoS stability and NoOp incentive alignment, 1 or 2 ETH worth of pufETH and a minimum of 28 VTs are required to be deposited at registration time. Their duration begins at the moment their validator is activated on the beacon chain, and each VT represents 1 day or 255 epochs.
Assuming they deposited 28 VTs, after 28 days of validating, the NoOp's validator will be automatically ejected, its 32 ETH returned to the protocol, and bond returned. If they wish to extend their duration, NoOps can deposit additional VTs at any time. NoOps who have Validators with unconsumed VTs (e.g deposited 100 VTs) may retrieve them from the protocol (e.g., 72 VTs).
Pricing Validator Tickets
Prices of Validator Tickets are secured and posted by RedStone Oracles. The VT Oracle module is fully automated and data is delivered every 12 hours or if the deviation is 10% on MEV payouts or 5% on consensus rewards. The contract can be seen on the ValidatorTicketPricer contract events page here. The pricing module is the heart of the properly functioning Puffer system. Puffer’s stability is based on the correctness of the price from RedStone.
During Puffer's Phase 1, VT prices will be posted by the Guardians. The prices are calculated with the following formula, where
This capital-efficient approach means that barriers to entry are reduced, enabling a broader range of participants to contribute to securing the network without having to commit a full 32 ETH.
Fuels Growth: The VT model is a game-changer for LSPs. It ensures that the LSP continues to earn rewards even when the validator queue is long. In traditional setups, lengthy validator queues could stifle an LSP's ability to grow, but with VTs, this obstacle is greatly diminished.
No More Rug-Pooling Oversight: The previous need to constantly watch over and penalize rug-pooling activities added overhead and complexity that may only be solvable with in-protocol solutions like MEV-Burn. With NoOps entitled to 100% of the execution rewards they generate, this oversight becomes unnecessary, simplifying operations.
Addresses Lazy NoOps: Traditional bonded models do not fully disincentivize NoOps from denying the pool rewards by going offline frequently. With VTs, NoOps are naturally incentivized to perform their best since their upfront payment cannot be recouped through subpar performance.
Slash Resistant: With a combination of just 1 ETH collateral, favorable NoOp incentives, and Puffer's anti-slashing technology, the risk of staker ETH getting penalized from an irresponsible NoOp is considerably reduced.
MEV Lottery: NoOps can participate in the MEV lottery, an attractive proposition for many, without having to lock up 32 ETH. This opens the door for more NoOps to benefit from potential MEV gains, further incentivizing participation.$PUFFER
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